![]() Our data suggest that the slow PD oscillations ( f < 0.15 Hz) quantified by PUI are related to the parasympathetic modulation. A slow breathing test enhanced RMSSD and PUI proportionally to each other, while complexity of PD dynamics decreased. In an independent sample, we were able to corroborate the relation of PUI with RMSSD and skin conductance. Furthermore, we found that spontaneous fluctuations of skin conductance are accompanied by increases of pupil size. Complexity of pupil diameter (PD) variations correlated to indices of sympathetic skin conductance. A linear combination of vagal heart rate variability and skin conductance fluctuations (SCFs) was suited best to explain interindividual variance of PUI. ![]() PUI was related to parasympathetic cardiac indices and sleepiness. In an independent sample of 26 healthy participants, we stimulated the cardiovagal system by a deep breathing test. Additionally, we assessed individual levels of calmness, vigilance, and mood. Autonomic indices were derived from heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, and skin conductance. Sample entropy (SE) and the established pupillary unrest index (PUI) were calculated to characterize pupil size variability. In this study, we investigated 83 young healthy volunteers to assess the relationship of pupillary unrest to other markers of the autonomic nervous system. ![]() How sympathetic and parasympathetic activity contribute to pupillary unrest is not entirely unclear. Pupillary unrest is an established indicator of drowsiness or sleepiness. 2Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.1Lab for Autonomic Neuroscience, Imaging and Cognition (LANIC), Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.Andy Schumann 1 Stephanie Kietzer 2 Juliane Ebel 1 Karl Jürgen Bär 1* ![]()
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